Chapter 9 Presentations

Chapter 7- Early Childhood

Chapter 7 developmental themes are Autonomy vs. Doubt and Initiative vs. Guilt.  In this chapter it is talking about early childhood. In the biophysical dimension, “The average preschool child grows 2.5 inches and gains 5 to 7 pounds a year” (Ashford & LeCroy, 2013, p 305).  Along with growing physically their gross motor skills also do to.  Children’s fine motor skills can be a difficult task when they are young but they will get better as they grow.   “Phonological disorder affects at least 2.5% of preschool children and is more prevalent in males” (Ashford & LeCroy, 2013, p. 313).  I was amazed on how low this number is. I thought it was more common than that.  My son has difficulty articulating letters r and s.  He goes to speech therapy twice a week.  His doctor became more concerned about his speech when he was six years old.  She told me that around that age children should have already grown out of the stage where they did not articulate correctly.   In the psychological dimension Piaget has a theory of preoperational stage. 309 Children in the preoperational stage cannot perform certain mental tasks that older children can handle” (Ashford & LeCroy, 2013, p. 309).  In the social aspect it covers how children start learning to regulate their emotions.  A child will start showing their feeling through body language.  Another point of the social aspect is when children are underprivileged they can have more setbacks which can affect them greatly and how they develop.  A program that can help intervene early and can help teach a child is project head start.  My son was also in this program and helped him greatly.  When he entered into pre-k he already knew everything the children were learning!

Ashford, J., & LeCroy, C. (2013). Early Childhood. In <i>Human behavior in the social environment: A multidimensional perspective</i> (5th ed.). Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

Chapter 6 Infancy

Chapter six cover infancy.  The first part covered is the biophysical dimension.  This includes the growth and development of an infant.  It goes over the norms of what an infant should do by a certain age and early intervention for development delays.  The chapter informs about different risks which include illnesses and hazards.  One of those risk being SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.  (Ashford & LeCroy, 2013) “SIDS refers to the unexpected death of an infant, for which no physical causes can be found.” (p. 251) Psychological dimension is discussed next with cognitive development and information processing being its topic.  It covers Paiget’s six sensorimotor stages.  It goes to discuss different ways infants communicate.  These include crying, cooing, babbling, holophrastic speech and telegraphic speech.  The risk for psychological dimension is failure to form an attachment who are have usually been institutionalized.  (Ashford & LeCroy, 2013)  “The death rate for children under 2 in these institution was high…The babies were emotionally apathetic and retarded in physical, mental, and social growth.” (p.272)  it goes on to explain how failure of an attachment affect an infant.  The last aspect is social dimension.  This part talks about family and social support.  The risk for this social dimension is poverty which can lead to neglect or other problems.

Ashford, J., & LeCroy, C. (2013). Infancy. In Human behavior in the social environment: A multidimensional perspective (5th ed., p. 251-272). Australia: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.